Novel method of diagnosing, monitoring, staging, imaging and treating breast cancer

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a new method for detecting, diagnosing, monitoring, staging, prognosticating, imaging and treating breast cancer.

INTRODUCTION

[0001] This application is a continuation in part of PCT/US99/16811, filed Jul. 22, 1999, which claims the benefit of priority from U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/095,232, filed Aug. 4, 1998.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates, in part, to newly developed assays for detecting, diagnosing, monitoring, staging, prognosticating, imaging and treating cancers, particularly breast cancer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] One of every nine American women will develop breast cancer sometime during her life based on a lifespan of 85 years. Annually, over 180,000 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer and approximately 46,000 will die of the disease.

[0004] Every woman is at risk for breast cancer. A woman's chances of developing breast cancer increase as she grows older; 80 percent of all cancers are found in women over the age of 50. There are also several risk factors that can increase a woman's chances of developing cancer. A woman may be at increased risk if she has a family history of the disease, if she had her first child after the age of 30 or has no children, or if she began menstruating early.

[0005] However, more than 70 percent of women who develop breast cancer have no known risk factors. Less than 10 percent of breast cancer cases are thought to be related to the BRCA1 gene discovered in 1994. Researchers are now investigating the role other factors such as nutrition, alcohol, exercise, smoking, and oral contraceptives may play in cancer prevention.

[0006] As with many other cancers, the best chance for successful treatment occurs when breast cancer is found early. Mammograms, special x-rays of the breast, can detect more than 90 percent of all breast cancers. If breast cancer is found early, the chance of cure is greater than 90 percent. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy depending on the stage of the cancer.

[0007] Procedures used for detecting, diagnosing, monitoring, staging, prognosticating and imaging breast cancer are of critical importance to the outcome of the patient. Patients diagnosed with early breast cancer generally have a much greater five-year survival rate as compared to the survival rate for patients diagnosed with distant metastasized breast cancer. New diagnostic methods which are more sensitive and specific for detecting early breast cancer are clearly needed.

[0008] Breast cancer patients are closely monitored following initial therapy and during adjuvant therapy to determine response to therapy and to detect persistent or recurrent disease of metastasis. There is clearly a need for a breast cancer marker which is more sensitive and specific in detecting breast cancer and its recurrence and progression.

[0009] Another important step in managing breast cancer is to determine the stage of the patient's disease. Stage determination has potential prognostic value and provides criteria for designing optimal therapy. Generally, pathological staging of breast cancer is preferable over clinical staging because the former gives a more accurate prognosis. However, clinical staging would be preferred were it at least as accurate as pathological staging because it does not depend on an invasive procedure to obtain tissue for pathological evaluation. Staging of breast cancer would be improved by detecting new markers in cells, tissues, or bodily fluids which could differentiate between different stages of invasion.

[0010] In the present invention methods are provided for detecting, diagnosing, monitoring, staging, prognosticating, imaging and treating breast cancer via breast specific genes referred to herein as BSGs. For purposes of the present invention, BSG refers, among other things, to native proteins expressed by the gene comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9. An exemplary BSG protein sequence is depicted in SEQ ID NO:10. By “BSG” it is also meant herein polynucleotides which, due to degeneracy in genetic coding, comprise variations in nucleotide sequence as compared to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, but which still encode the same protein. In the alternative, what is meant by BSG as used herein, means the native mRNA encoded by the gene comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, levels of the gene comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, or levels of a polynucleotide which is capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions to the antisense sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9.

[0011] Other objects, features, advantages and aspects of the present invention will become apparent to those of skill in the art from the following description. It should be understood, however, that the following description and the specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only. Various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the disclosed invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from reading the following description and from reading the other parts of the present disclosure.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0012] Toward these ends, and others, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for diagnosing the presence of breast cancer by analyzing for changes in levels of BSG in cells, tissues or bodily fluids compared with levels of BSG in preferably the same cells, tissues, or bodily fluid type of a normal human control, wherein a change in levels of BSG in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with breast cancer.

[0013] Further provided is a method of diagnosing metastatic breast cancer in a patient having such cancer which is not known to have metastasized by identifying a human patient suspected of having breast cancer that has metastasized; analyzing a sample of cells, tissues, or bodily fluid from such patient for BSG; comparing the BSG levels in such cells, tissues, or bodily fluid with levels of BSG in preferably the same cells, tissues, or bodily fluid type of a normal human control, wherein a change in BSG levels in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with a cancer which has metastasized.

[0014] Also provided by the invention is a method of staging breast cancer in a human which has such cancer by identifying a human patient having such cancer; analyzing a sample of cells, tissues, or bodily fluid from such patient for BSG; comparing BSG levels in such cells, tissues, or bodily fluid with levels of BSG in preferably the same cells, tissues, or bodily fluid type of a normal human control sample, wherein a change in BSG levels in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with a cancer which is progressing or regressing or in remission.

[0015] Further provided is a method of monitoring breast cancer in a human having such cancer for the onset of metastasis. The method comprises identifying a human patient having such cancer that is not known to have metastasized; periodically analyzing a sample of cells, tissues, or bodily fluid from such patient for BSG; comparing the BSG levels in such cells, tissue, or bodily fluid with levels of BSG in preferably the same cells, tissues, or bodily fluid type of a normal human control sample, wherein a change in BSG levels in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with a cancer which has metastasized.

[0016] Further provided is a method of monitoring the change in stage of breast cancer in a human having such cancer by looking at levels of BSG in a human having such cancer. The method comprises identifying a human patient having such cancer; periodically analyzing a sample of cells, tissues, or bodily fluid from such patient for BSG; comparing the BSG levels in such cells, tissue, or bodily fluid with levels of BSG in preferably the same cells, tissues, or bodily fluid type of a normal human control sample, wherein a change in BSG levels in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with a cancer which is progressing or regressing or in remission.

[0017] Further provided are methods of designing new therapeutic agents targeted to a BSG for use in imaging and treating breast cancer. For example, in one embodiment, therapeutic agents such as antibodies targeted against BSG or fragments of such antibodies can be used to treat, detect or image localization of BSG in a patient for the purpose of detecting or diagnosing a disease or condition. In this embodiment, a difference in the amount of labeled antibody detected as compared to normal tissue would be indicative of tumor metastases or growth. Such antibodies can be polyclonal, monoclonal, or omniclonal or prepared by molecular biology techniques. The term “antibody”, as used herein and throughout the instant specification is also meant to include aptamers and single-stranded oligonucleotides such as those derived from an in vitro evolution protocol referred to as SELEX and well known to those skilled in the art. Antibodies can be labeled with a variety of detectable and therapeutic labels including, but not limited to, radioisotopes and paramagnetic metals. Therapeutic agents such as small molecules and antibodies which modulate the concentration and/or activity of BSG can also be used in the treatment of diseases characterized by altered expression of BSG. Such agents can be readily identified in accordance with teachings herein.

[0018] Other objects, features, advantages and aspects of the present invention will become apparent to those of skill in the art from the following description. It should be understood, however, that the following description and the specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only. Various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the disclosed invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from reading the following description and from reading the other parts of the present disclosure.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] The present invention relates to diagnostic assays and methods, both quantitative and qualitative for detecting, diagnosing, monitoring, staging, prognosticating and imaging cancers by comparing levels of BSG with those of BSG in a normal human control. For purposes of the present invention, BSG refers, among other things, to native proteins expressed by the gene comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9. An exemplary BSG protein sequence is depicted in SEQ ID NO:10. By “BSG” it is also meant herein polynucleotides which, due to degeneracy in genetic coding, comprise variations in nucleotide sequence as compared to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, but which still encode the same protein. In the alternative, what is meant by BSG as used herein, means the native mRNA encoded by the gene comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, levels of the gene comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, or levels of a polynucleotide which is capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions to the antisense sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9. Such levels are preferably measured in at least one of, cells, tissues and/or bodily fluids, including determination of normal and abnormal levels. Thus, for instance, a diagnostic assay in accordance with the invention for measuring changes in levels of any one of the BSG proteins compared to normal control bodily fluids, cells, or tissue samples may be used to diagnose the presence of cancers, including breast cancer. By “change” it is meant either an increase or decrease in levels of the BSG. For example, for BSGs such as Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2), Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4/SEQ ID NO:10) and Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3), an increase in levels as compared to normal human controls is associated with breast cancer, metastasis and progression of the cancer, while a decrease in levels is association with regression and/or remission. For the BSG Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1), a decrease in levels as compared to normal human controls is associated with breast cancer, metastasis and progression while an increase is associated with regression and/or remission. Any of the 9 BSGs may be measured alone in the methods of the invention, or all together or any combination of the nine.

[0020] All the methods of the present invention may optionally include measuring the levels of other cancer markers as well as BSG. Other cancer markers, in addition to BSG, such as BRCA1 are known to those of skill in the art.

[0021] Diagnostic Assays

[0022] The present invention provides methods for diagnosing the presence of breast cancer by analyzing for changes in levels of BSG in cells, tissues or bodily fluids compared with levels of BSG in cells, tissues or bodily fluids of preferably the same type from a normal human control. As demonstrated herein an increase in levels of BSGs such as Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2), Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4/SEQ ID No:10 or Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3) in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with the presence of breast cancer, while a decrease in levels of BSGs such as Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1) in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with the presence of breast cancer.

[0023] Without limiting the instant invention, typically, for a quantitative diagnostic assay a positive result indicating the patient being tested has cancer is one in which cells, tissues, or bodily fluid levels of the cancer marker, such as BSG, are at least two times higher or lower, and most preferably are at least five times higher or lower, than in preferably the same cells, tissues, or bodily fluid of a normal human control.

[0024] The present invention also provides a method of diagnosing metastatic breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer which has not yet metastasized for the onset of metastasis. In the method of the present invention, a human cancer patient suspected of having breast cancer which may have metastasized (but which was not previously known to have metastasized) is identified. This is accomplished by a variety of means known to those of skill in the art. For example, in the case of breast cancer, patients are typically diagnosed with breast cancer following traditional detection methods.

[0025] In the present invention, determining the presence of BSG level in cells, tissues, or bodily fluid, is particularly useful for discriminating between breast cancer which has not metastasized and breast cancer which has metastasized. Existing techniques have difficulty discriminating between breast cancer which has metastasized and breast cancer which has not metastasized and proper treatment selection is often dependent upon such knowledge.

[0026] In the present invention, the cancer marker levels measured in such cells, tissues, or bodily fluid is BSG, and are compared with levels of BSG in preferably the same cells, tissue, or bodily fluid type of a normal human control. That is, if the cancer marker being observed is just BSG in serum, this level is preferably compared with the level of BSG in serum of a normal human patient. An increase in BSGs such as Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2), Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4/SEQ ID NO:10) or Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3). in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with breast cancer which has metastasized while a decrease in BSGs such as Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1) in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with breast cancer which has metastasized.

[0027] Without limiting the instant invention, typically, for a quantitative diagnostic assay a positive result indicating the cancer in the patient being tested or monitored has metastasized is one in which cells, tissues, or bodily fluid levels of the cancer marker, such as BSG, are at least two times higher or lower, and most preferably are at least five times higher or lower, than in preferably the same cells, tissues, or bodily fluid of a normal patient.

[0028] Normal human control as used herein includes a human patient without cancer and/or non cancerous samples from the patient; in the methods for diagnosing or monitoring for metastasis, normal human control preferably comprises samples from a human patient that is determined by reliable methods to have breast cancer which has not metastasized.

[0029] Staging

[0030] The invention also provides a method of staging breast cancer in a human patient. The method comprises identifying a human patient having such cancer; analyzing a sample of cells, tissues, or bodily fluid from such patient for BSG. Then, the method compares BSG levels in such cells, tissues, or bodily fluid with levels of BSG in preferably the same cells, tissues, or bodily fluid type of a normal human control sample, wherein an increase in levels of BSGs such as Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2), Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4/SEQ ID NO:10) or Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3) or a decrease in levels of BSGs such as Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1) in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with a cancer which is progressing and a decrease in levels of BSGs such as Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2), Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4/SEQ ID NO:10) or Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3)(but generally still increased over true normal levels) or an increase in levels of BSGs such as Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1) (but generally still decreased as compared to normal levels) is associated with a cancer which is regressing or in remission.

[0031] Monitoring

[0032] Further provided is a method of monitoring breast cancer in a human having such cancer for the onset of metastasis. The method comprises identifying a human patient having such cancer that is not known to have metastasized; periodically analyzing a sample of cells, tissues, or bodily fluid from such patient for BSG; comparing the BSG levels in such cells, tissue, or bodily fluid with levels of BSG in preferably the same cells, tissues, or bodily fluid type of a normal human control sample, wherein an increase in levels of BSGs such as Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2), Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4/SEQ ID NO:10) or Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3) or a decrease in levels of BSGs such as Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1) in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with a cancer which has metastasized. In this method, normal human control samples may also include prior patient samples.

[0033] Further provided by this invention is a method of monitoring the change in stage of breast cancer in a human having such cancer. The method comprises identifying a human patient having such cancer; periodically analyzing a sample of cells, tissues, or bodily fluid from such patient for BSG; comparing the BSG levels in such cells, tissue, or bodily fluid with levels of BSG in preferably the same cells, tissues, or bodily fluid type of a normal human control sample, wherein an increase in levels of BSGs such as Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2), Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4/SEQ ID NO:10) or Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3) or a decrease in levels of BSGs such as Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1) in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with a cancer which is progressing in stage and a decrease in the levels of BSGs such as Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2), Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4/SEQ ID NO:10) or Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3) or an increase in levels of BSGs such as Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1) is associated with a cancer which is regressing in stage or in remission.

[0034] Monitoring such patient for onset of metastasis is periodic and preferably done on a quarterly basis. However, this may be more or less frequent depending on the cancer, the particular patient, and the stage of the cancer.

[0035] Prognostic Testing and Clinical Trial Monitoring

[0036] The methods described herein can further be utilized as prognostic assays to identify subjects having or at risk of developing a disease or disorder associated with altered levels of BSG. The present invention provides a method in which a test sample is obtained from a human patient and BSG is detected. The presence of higher levels of Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2), Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4/SEQ ID NO:10) or Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3) or lower levels of Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1) as compared to normal human controls is diagnostic for the human patient being at risk for developing cancer, particularly breast cancer.

[0037] The effectiveness of therapeutic agents to alter expression or activity of the BSGs of the invention can also be monitored by analyzing levels of expression of the BSGs in a human patient in clinical trials or in in vitro screening assays such as in human cells. In this way, the gene expression pattern can serve as a marker, indicative of the physiological response of the human patient, or cells as the case may be, to the agent being tested.

[0038] Detection of genetic lesions or mutations

[0039] The methods of the present invention can also be used to detect genetic lesions or mutations in BSG, thereby determining if a human with the genetic lesion is at risk for breast cancer or has breast cancer. Genetic lesions can be detected, for example, by ascertaining the existence of a deletion and/or addition and/or substitution of one or more nucleotides from the BSGs of this invention, a chromosomal rearrangement of BSG, aberrant modification of BSG (such as of the methylation pattern of the genomic DNA), the presence of a non-wild type splicing pattern of a mRNA transcript of BSG, allelic loss of BSG, and/or inappropriate post-translational modification of BSG protein. Methods to detect such lesions in a BSG of this invention are known to those of skill in the art.

[0040] Assay Techniques

[0041] Assay techniques that can be used to determine levels of gene expression, such as BSG of the present invention, in a sample derived from a host are well-known to those of skill in the art. Such assay methods include, without limitation, radioimmunoassays, reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assays, immunohistochemistry assays, in situ hybridization assays, competitive-binding assays, Western Blot analyses, ELISA assays and proteomic approaches, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D electrophoresis) and non-gel based approaches such as mass spectrometry or protein interaction profiling. Among these, ELISAs are frequently preferred to diagnose a gene's expressed protein in biological fluids.

[0042] An ELISA assay initially comprises preparing an antibody, if not readily available from a commercial source, specific to BSG, preferably a monoclonal antibody. In addition a reporter antibody generally is prepared which binds specifically to BSG. The reporter antibody is attached to a detectable reagent such as radioactive, fluorescent or enzymatic reagent, for example horseradish peroxidase enzyme or alkaline phosphatase.

[0043] To carry out the ELISA, antibody specific to BSG is incubated on a solid support, e.g. a polystyrene dish, that binds the antibody. Any free protein binding sites on the dish are then covered by incubating with a non-specific protein such as bovine serum albumin. Next, the sample to be analyzed is incubated in the dish, during which time BSG binds to the specific antibody attached to the polystyrene dish. Unbound sample is washed out with buffer. A reporter antibody specifically directed to BSG and linked to horseradish peroxidase is placed in the dish resulting in binding of the reporter antibody to any monoclonal antibody bound to BSG. Unattached reporter antibody is then washed out. Reagents for peroxidase activity, including a colorimetric substrate are then added to the dish. Immobilized peroxidase, linked to BSG antibodies, produces a colored reaction product. The amount of color developed in a given time period is proportional to the amount of BSG protein present in the sample. Quantitative results typically are obtained by reference to a standard curve.

[0044] A competition assay may be employed wherein antibodies specific to BSG attached to a solid support and labeled BSG and a sample derived from the host are passed over the solid support and the amount of label detected attached to the solid support can be correlated to a quantity of BSG in the sample.

[0045] Using all or a portion of a nucleic acid sequence of BSG of the present invention as a hybridization probe, nucleic acid methods can also be used to detect levels of BSG mRNA as a marker for breast cancer. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other nucleic acid methods, such as ligase chain reaction (LCR) and nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA), can be used to detect cells for diagnosis and monitoring of various malignancies. For example, reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) is a powerful technique which can be used to detect the presence of a specific mRNA population in a complex mixture of thousands of other mRNA species. In RT-PCR, an mRNA species is first reverse transcribed to complementary DNA (cDNA) with use of the enzyme reverse transcriptase; the cDNA is then amplified as in a standard PCR reaction. RT-PCR can thus reveal by amplification the presence of a single species of mRNA. Accordingly, if the mRNA is highly specific for the cell that produces it, RT-PCR can be used to identify the presence and/or absence of a specific type of cell.

[0046] Hybridization to clones or oligonucleotides arrayed on a solid support (i.e. gridding) can be used to both detect the expression of and quantitate the level of expression of that gene. In this approach, all or a portion of a cDNA encoding the BSG is fixed to a substrate. The substrate may be of any suitable type including, but not limited to, glass, nitrocellulose, nylon or plastic. At least a portion of the DNA encoding the BSG is attached to the substrate and then incubated with the analyte, which may be RNA or a complementary DNA (cDNA) copy of the RNA, isolated from the tissue of interest. Hybridization between the substrate bound DNA and the analyte can be detected and quantitated by several means including, but not limited to, radioactive labeling or fluorescence labeling of the analyte or a secondary molecule designed to detect the hybrid. Quantitation of the level of gene expression can be done by comparison of the intensity of the signal from the analyte compared with that determined from known standards. The standards can be obtained by in vitro transcription of the target gene, quantitating the yield, and then using that material to generate a standard curve.

[0047] Of the proteomic approaches, 2D electrophoresis is a technique well known to those skilled in the art. Isolation of individual proteins from a sample such as serum is accomplished using sequential separation of proteins by different characteristics usually on polyacrylamide gels. First, proteins are separated by size using an electric current. The current acts uniformly on all proteins, so smaller proteins move farther on the gel than larger proteins. The second dimension applies a current perpendicular to the first and separates proteins not on the basis of size but on the specific electric charge carried by each protein. Since no two proteins with different sequences are identical on the basis of both size and charge, the result of a 2D separation is a square gel in which each protein occupies a unique spot. Analysis of the spots with chemical or antibody probes, or subsequent protein microsequencing can reveal the relative abundance of a given protein and the identity of the proteins in the sample.

[0048] The above tests can be carried out on samples derived from a variety of cells, bodily fluids and/or tissue extracts such as homogenates or solubilized tissue obtained from a patient. Tissue extracts are obtained routinely from tissue biopsy and autopsy material. Bodily fluids useful in the present invention include blood, urine, saliva or any other bodily secretion or derivative thereof. By blood it is meant to include whole blood, plasma, serum or any derivative of blood.

[0049] In Vivo Targeting of BSG/Breast Cancer Therapy

[0050] Identification of BSGs is also useful in the rational design of new therapeutics for imaging and treating cancers, and in particular breast cancer. For example, in one embodiment, antibodies which specifically bind to BSG can be raised and used in vivo in patients suspected of suffering from breast cancer. Antibodies which specifically bind BSG can be injected into a patient suspected of having breast cancer for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes. Thus, another aspect of the present invention provides for a method for preventing the onset and treatment of breast cancer in a human patient in need of such treatment by administering to the patient an effective amount of antibody. By “effective amount” it is meant the amount or concentration of antibody needed to bind to the target antigens expressed on the tumor to cause tumor shrinkage for surgical removal, or disappearance of the tumor. The binding of the antibody to an overexpressed BSG is believed to cause the death of the cancer cell expressing such BSG. The preparation and use of antibodies for in vivo diagnosis and treatment is well known in the art. For example, antibody-chelators labeled with Indium-111 have been described for use in the radioimmunoscintographic imaging of carcinoembryonic antigen expressing tumors (Sumerdon et. al. Nucl. Med. Biol. 1990 17:247-254). In particular, these antibody-chelators have been used in detecting tumors in patients suspected of having recurrent colorectal cancer (Griffin et al. J. Clin. Onc. 1991 9:631-640). Antibodies with paramagnetic ions as labels for use in magnetic resonance imaging have also been described (Lauffer, R. B. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 1991 22:339-342). Antibodies directed against a BSG can be used in a similar manner. Labeled antibodies which specifically bind BSGs can be injected into patients suspected of having breast cancer for the purpose of diagnosing or staging of the disease status of the patient. The label used will be selected in accordance with the imaging modality to be used. For example, radioactive labels such as Indium-111, Technetium-99m or Iodine-131 can be used for planar scans or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Positron emitting labels such as Fluorine-19 can be used in positron emission tomography. Paramagnetic ions such as Gadlinium (III) or Manganese (II) can be used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Presence of the label, as compared to imaging of normal tissue, permits determination of the spread of the cancer. The amount of label within an organ or tissue also allows determination of the presence or absence of cancer in that organ or tissue.

[0051] Antibodies which can be used in in vivo methods include polyclonal, monoclonal and omniclonal antibodies and antibodies prepared via molecular biology techniques. Antibody fragments and aptamers and single-stranded oligonucleotides such as those derived from an in vitro evolution protocol referred to as SELEX and well known to those skilled in the art can also be used.

[0052] Screening Assays

[0053] The present invention also provides methods for identifying modulators which bind to BSG protein or have a modulatory effect on the expression or activity of BSG protein. Modulators which decrease the expression or activity of BSG proteins such as Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2), Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4/SEQ ID NO:10) and Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3) or increase the expression or activity of the BSG Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1) are believed to be useful in treating breast cancer. Such screening assays are known to those of skill in the art and include, without limitation, cell-based assays and cell free assays.

[0054] Small molecules predicted via computer imaging to specifically bind to regions of BSG can also be designed, synthesized and tested for use in the imaging and treatment of breast cancer. Further, libraries of molecules can be screened for potential anticancer agents by assessing the ability of the molecule to bind to the BSGs identified herein. Molecules identified in the library as being capable of binding to BSG are key candidates for further evaluation for use in the treatment of breast cancer. In a preferred embodiment, these molecules will downregulate expression and/or activity of BSGs such as Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2), Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4/SEQ ID NO:10) and Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3) and/or upregulate expression and/or activity of the BSG Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1) in cells.

[0055] Adoptive Immunotherapy and Vaccines

[0056] Adoptive immunotherapy of cancer refers to a therapeutic approach in which immune cells with an antitumor reactivity are administered to a tumor-bearing host, with the aim that the cells mediate either directly or indirectly, the regression of an established tumor. Transfusion of lymphocytes, particularly T lymphocytes, falls into this category and investigators at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) have used autologous reinfusion of peripheral blood lymphocytes or tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), T cell cultures from biopsies of subcutaneous lymph nodules, to treat several human cancers (Rosenberg, S. A., U.S. Pat. No. 4,690,914, issued Sep. 1, 1987; Rosenberg, S. A., et al., 1988, N. England J. Med. 319:1676-1680).

[0057] The present invention relates to compositions and methods of adoptive immunotherapy for the prevention and/or treatment of primary and metastatic breast cancer in humans using macrophages sensitized to the antigenic BSG molecules, with or without non-covalent complexes of heat shock protein (hsp). Antigenicity or immunogenicity of the BSG is readily confirmed by the ability of the BSG protein or a fragment thereof to raise antibodies or educate naive effector cells, which in turn lyse target cells expressing the antigen (or epitope).

[0058] Cancer cells are, by definition, abnormal and contain proteins which should be recognized by the immune system as foreign since they are not present in normal tissues. However, the immune system often seems to ignore this abnormality and fails to attack tumors. The foreign BSG proteins that are produced by the cancer cells can be used to reveal their presence. The BSG is broken into short fragments, called tumor antigens, which are displayed on the surface of the cell. These tumor antigens are held or presented on the cell surface by molecules called MHC, of which there are two types: class I and II. Tumor antigens in association with MHC class I molecules are recognized by cytotoxic T cells while antigen-MHC class II complexes are recognized by a second subset of T cells called helper cells. These cells secrete cytokines which slow or stop tumor growth and help another type of white blood cell, B cells, to make antibodies against the tumor cells.

[0059] In adoptive immunotherapy, T cells or other antigen presenting cells (APCs) are stimulated outside the body (ex vivo), using the tumor specific BSG antigen. The stimulated cells are then reinfused into the patient where they attack the cancerous cells. Research has shown that using both cytotoxic and helper T cells is far more effective than using either subset alone. Additionally, the BSG antigen may be complexed with heat shock proteins to stimulate the APCs as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,985,270.

[0060] The APCs can be selected from among those antigen presenting cells known in the art including, but not limited to, macrophages, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, and a combination thereof, and are preferably macrophages. In a preferred use, wherein cells are autologous to the individual, autologous immune cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages or other APCs are used to circumvent the issue of whom to select as the donor of the immune cells for adoptive transfer. Another problem circumvented by use of autologous immune cells is graft versus host disease which can be fatal if unsuccessfully treated.

[0061] In adoptive immunotherapy with gene therapy, DNA of the BSG can be introduced into effector cells similarly as in conventional gene therapy. This can enhance the cytotoxicity of the effector cells to tumor cells as they have been manipulated to produce the antigenic protein resulting in improvement of the adoptive immunotherapy.

[0062] BSG antigens of this invention are also useful as components of breast cancer vaccines. The vaccine comprises an immunogenically stimulatory amount of a BSG antigen. Immunogenically stimulatory amount refers to that amount of antigen that is able to invoke the desired immune response in the recipient for the amelioration, or treatment of breast cancer. Effective amounts may be determined empirically by standard procedures well known to those skilled in the art.

[0063] The BSG antigen may be provided in any one of a number of vaccine formulations which are designed to induce the desired type of immune response, e.g., antibody and/or cell mediated. Such formulations are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, formulations such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,103. Vaccine formulations of the present invention used to stimulate immune responses can also include pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants.

EXAMPLES

[0064] The present invention is further described by the following examples. The examples are provided solely to illustrate the invention by reference to specific embodiments. These exemplifications, while illustrating certain specific aspects of the invention, do not portray the limitations or circumscribe the scope of the disclosed invention.

Example 1

[0065] Identification of BSGs were carried out by a systematic analysis of data in the LIFESEQ database available from Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, Calif., using the data mining Cancer Leads Automatic Search Package (CLASP) developed by diaDexus LLC, Santa Clara, Calif.

[0066] The CLASP performs the following steps:

[0067] Selection of highly expressed organ specific genes based on the abundance level of the corresponding EST in the targeted organ versus all the other organs.

[0068] Analysis of the expression level of each highly expressed organ specific genes in normal, tumor tissue, disease tissue and tissue libraries associated with tumor or disease. Selection of the candidates demonstrating component ESTs were exclusively or more frequently found in tumor libraries.

[0069] CLASP allows the identification of highly expressed organ and cancer specific genes useful in the diagnosis of breast cancer. TABLE 1 BSGs Sequences SEQ ID NO: LS Clone ID LSA Gene ID 1 2740238 (Mam002) 242151 2 1730886 (Mam001) 238469 3 y155b03 (Mam005) 348845 4 2613064 (Mam004) 27052 5 894184 221086 6 2299454 27681 7 2258254 248176 8 789767 156580 9 1213903 219737

[0070] The following example was carried out using standard techniques, which are well known and routine to those of skill in the art, except where otherwise described in detail. Routine molecular biology techniques of the following example can be carried out as described in standard laboratory manuals, such as Sambrook et al., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, 2nd Ed.; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989).

Example 2

[0071] Relative Quantitation of Gene Expression

[0072] Real-time quantitative PCR with fluorescent Taqman probes is a quantitative detection system utilizing the 5′-3′ nuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase. The method uses an internal fluorescent oligonucleotide probe (Taqman) labeled with a 5′ reporter dye and a downstream, 3′ quencher dye. During PCR, the 5′-3′ nuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase releases the reporter, whose fluorescence can then be detected by the laser detector of the Model 7700 Sequence Detection System (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., USA).

[0073] Amplification of an endogenous control was used to standardize the amount of sample RNA added to the reaction and normalize for Reverse Transcriptase (RT) efficiency. Either cyclophilin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) or 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was used as this endogenous control. To calculate relative Quantitation between all the samples studied, the target RNA levels for one sample were used as the basis for comparative results (calibrator) Quantitation relative to the “calibrator” can be obtained using the standard curve method or the comparative method (User Bulletin #2: ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence Detection System). To evaluate the tissue distribution, and the level of breast specific markers (BSM) Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2), Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1), Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4/SEQ ID NO:10) and Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3) in normal and cancer tissue, total RNA was extracted from cancer and matched normal adjacent tissues (NAT) and from unmatched cancer and normal tissues. Subsequently, first strand cDNA was prepared with reverse transcriptase and the polymerase chain reaction carried out using primers and Taqman probes specific to each of Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2), Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1), Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4/SEQ ID NO:10) and Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3) respectively. The results are obtained using the ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence Detector. The numbers are relative levels of expression of Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2), Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1), Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4/SEQ ID NO:10) and Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3) compared to their respective calibrators.

[0074] Measurement of SEQ ID NO:2; Clone ID:1730886; Gene ID: 238469 (Mam001)

[0075] The numbers depicted in Table 2 are relative levels of expression in 12 normal tissues of Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2) compared to testis (calibrator). These RNA samples were obtained commercially and were generated by pooling samples from a particular tissue from different individuals. TABLE 2 Relative levels of Mam001 (SEQ ID NO: 2) Expression in Pooled Samples Tissue NORMAL Brain 0 Heart 0 Kidney 0 Liver 0 Lung 0 Mammary 6 Prostate 0 Muscle 0 Small Intestine 0 Testis 1 Thymus 0 Uterus 0

[0076] The relative levels of expression in Table 2 show that Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2) mRNA expression is detected in the pool of normal mammary and in testis but not in the other 10 normal tissue pools analyzed. These results demonstrate that Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2) mRNA expression is highly specific for mammary tissue and is also found in testis. Expression in a male specific tissue is not relevant in detecting cancer in female specific tissues

[0077] The tissues shown in Table 2 are pooled samples from different individuals. The tissues shown in Table 3 were obtained from individuals and are not pooled. Hence the values for mRNA expression levels shown in Table 2 cannot be directly compared to the values shown in Table 3.

[0078] The numbers depicted in Table 3 are relative levels of expression of Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2) compared to testis (calibrator), in 24 pairs of matching samples. Each matching pair contains the cancer sample for a particular tissue and the normal adjacent tissue (NAT) sample for that same tissue from the same individual. TABLE 3 Relative levels of Mam001 (SEQ ID NO: 2) Expression in Individual Samples Matching Sample ID Tissue Cancer Normal. Mam 47XP Mammary Gland 0 0 Mam A06X Mammary Gland 23 1 Mam B011X Mammary Gland 0 5 Mam 603X/C034 Mammary Gland 0 2.10 Mam 162X Mammary Gland 1.96 0.15 Mam 42DN Mammary Gland 0.38 1.27 Mam S079 Mammary Gland 0.34 0.36 Mam S123 Mammary Gland 0.03 0.87 Mam S516 Mammary Gland 0.43 0.53 Mam S699 Mammary Gland 0.40 0.66 Mam S997 Mammary Gland 0.41 0.51 Sto AC44 Stomach 0 0 TST 39X Testis 0 0 Cln SG45 Colon 0 0 Cln TX01 Colon 0 0 Cvx NK23 Cervix 0 0 Cvx NK24 Cervix 0 0 Endo 3AX Endometrium 0 0 Endo 4XA Endometrium 0 0 Endo 5XA Endometrium 0 0 Kid 11XD Kidney 0 0 Kid 5XD Kidney 0 0 Lng C20X Lung 0 0 Lng SQ56 Lung 0 0

[0079] Among 48 samples in Table 3 representing 8 different tissues expression is seen only in mammary tissues. These results confirm the tissue specificity results obtained with normal samples shown in Table 2. Table 2 and Table 3 represent a combined total of 60 samples in 16 human tissue types. Thirty-six samples representing 14 different tissue types excluding breast and testis had no detected Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2) mRNA (Table 2 and 3). Other than breast tissue, Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2) is detected only in one other tissue type (Testis) and then only in the pooled tissue sample (Table 2) but not in the matched testis cancer samples (Table 3).

[0080] Comparisons of the level of mRNA expression in breast cancer samples and the normal adjacent tissue from the same individuals are shown in Table 3. Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2) is expressed at higher levels in 2 of 11 breast cancer tissues (Mam A06X and Mam 162X) compared with the corresponding normal adjacent tissue. The level of Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2) expression is lower in breast cancer compared to normal adjacent tissue in four matched samples (Mam B011X, Mam 603X/CO34, Mam 42DN and Mam S123). No expression was detected in one set of matched samples (Mam 47XP). Equivalent levels or very similar levels of expression were detected in four other matched samples. (Mam S079, Mam S516, Mam S699 and Mam S997). However increasing cancer mass might in these cases result in an overall increase in the total amount of expression.

[0081] The high level of tissue specificity and increased or equivalent expression in 6 of 11 individuals is demonstrative of Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2) being a diagnostic marker for detection of mammary cancer cells using mRNA.

[0082] Measurement of SEQ ID NO:1; Clone ID: 2740238; Gene ID 242151 (Mam002)

[0083] The numbers depicted in Table 5 are relative levels of expression in 12 normal tissues of Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1) compared to Thymus (calibrator). These RNA samples were obtained commercially and were generated by pooling samples from a particular tissue from different individuals. TABLE 4 Relative levels of Mam002 (SEQ ID NO: 1) Expression in Pooled Samples Tissue NORMAL Brain 0.03 Heart 0.01 Kidney 0 Liver 0 Lung 0.06 Mammary 289.01 Muscle 0 Prostate 0.31 Small Int. 0 Testis 0.08 Thymus 1.00 Uterus 0

[0084] The relative levels of expression in Table 4 show that Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1) mRNA expression is detected at a high level in the pool of normal mammary but at very low levels in the other 11 normal tissue pools analyzed. These results demonstrate that Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1) mRNA expression is highly specific for mammary tissue.

[0085] The tissues shown in Table 4 are pooled samples from different individuals. The tissues shown in Table 5 were obtained from individuals and are not pooled. Hence the values for mRNA expression levels shown in Table 4 cannot be directly compared to the values shown in Table 5.

[0086] The numbers depicted in Table 5 are relative levels of expression of Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1) compared to thymus (calibrator) in 27 pairs of matching samples. Each matching pair contains the cancer sample for a particular tissue and the normal adjacent tissue (NAT) sample for that same tissue from the same individual. In addition 2 unmatched mammary samples from normal tissues and one unmatched ovarian cancer and one normal (non-cancerous) ovary were also tested. TABLE 5 Relative levels of Mam002 (SEQ ID NO: 1) Expression in Individual Samples Sample ID Tissue Cancer Matching Normal Mam 12X Mammary 7.2 69 Gland Mam 42DN Mammary 1051 2075 Gland Mam 59X Mammary 7.0 15.5 Gland Mam A06X Mammary 1655 1781 Gland Mam B011X Mammary 32.1 2311 Gland Mam S127 Mammary 1.73 0 Gland Mam S516 Mammary 9.72 69.95 Gland Mam S699 Mammary 83.46 75.65 Gland Mam S854 Mammary 133.23 836.56 Gland Mam S967 Mammary 59.77 188.28 Gland Mam S997 Mammary 94.14 73.64 Gland Mam 162X Mammary 674.0 31.1 Gland Mam C012 Mammary N/A N/A 11379.3 Gland Mam C034 Mammary N/A N/A 3502.6 Gland Mam S079 Mammary 11772.5 903.5 Gland Mam S123 Mammary 3.4 170.5 Gland Ovr 103X ovary 0 0 Ovr 1118 ovary 0.13 N/A Ovr 35GA Ovary N/A N/A 0.13 Utr 23XU Uterus 5.6 0 Utr 135XO Uterus 0 0 Cvx NK24 Cervix 0.9 1.4 End 4XA Endometrium 32.2 0 Cln AS43 Colon 2.3 0 Cln AS45 Colon 0 0 Cln RC01 Colon 0.2 0 Lng AC90 Lung 0 2.0 Lng LC109 Lung 0 0.6 Lng SC32 Lung 0.8 0 Sto AC93 Stomach 0 0 Tst 39X Testis 1.97 0

[0087] Among 58 samples in Table 5′ representing 9 different tissues, the highest expression is seen in mammary tissues. Amongst the non-breast tissues which show expression, only one sample (End 4XA) has expression comparable to that seen in the majority of the breast samples tested. This sample is endometrial tissue, which is a female specific tissue. These results confirm the tissue specificity results obtained with normal samples shown in Table 4. Table 4 and Table 5 represent a combined total of 70 samples in 17 human tissue types. Twenty-two samples representing 11 different tissue types excluding breast had no detected Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1) mRNA (Table 4 and Table 5).

[0088] Comparisons of the level of mRNA expression in breast cancer samples and the normal adjacent tissue from the same individuals are shown in Table 5. Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1) is expressed at higher levels in 3 of 13 matched breast cancer tissues (Samples Mam S127, Mam 162X and Mam S079) compared with the corresponding normal adjacent tissue. The level of Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1) expression is lower in breast cancer compared to normal adjacent tissue in eight individuals (Mam 12X, Mam 42DN, Mam 59X, Mam B011X, Mam S516, Mam S854, Mam S967, and Mam S123). Equivalent levels or very similar levels of expression were detected in three other matched samples (Samples Mam A06X, Mam S699 and Mam S997).

[0089] The high level of tissue specificity is demonstrative of Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1) being a diagnostic marker for detection of mammary cancer cells using mRNA. Breast tissue is the only significant source of this gene's expression so far detected. Eight of 13 matched samples have lower levels of expression in cancer than normal adjacent tissue. Thus, decreased expression of this gene appears to be diagnostic of cancer presence.

[0090] Measurement of SEQ ID NO:4; Clone ID: 2613064; Gene ID: 27052 (Mam004)

[0091] The numbers depicted in Table 6 are relative levels of expression in 12 normal tissues of Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4) compared to mammary (calibrator). These RNA samples were obtained commercially and were generated by pooling samples from a particular tissue from different individuals. TABLE 6 Relative levels of Mam004 (SEQ ID NO: 4) Expression in Pooled Samples Tissue NORMAL Brain 0.059 Heart 0.131 Kidney 0.018 Liver 0 Lung 0.478 Mammary 1.000 Prostate 0.459 Muscle 0.003 Small Intestine 0.048 Testis 0.130 Thymus 0.030 Uterus 0.071

[0092] The relative levels of expression in Table 6 show that Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4) mRNA expression is detected in the pool of normal mammary and also in other tissues including lung, prostate, testis and heart. These results demonstrate that although more highly expressed in normal breast tissue Mam004(SEQ ID NO:4) mRNA expression is not specific for mammary gland.

[0093] The tissues shown in Table 6 are pooled samples from different individuals. The tissues shown in Table 7 were obtained from individuals and are not pooled. Hence the values for mRNA expression levels shown in Table 6 cannot be directly compared to the values shown in Table 7.

[0094] The numbers depicted in Table 7 are relative levels of expression of Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4) compared to mammary (calibrator), in 23 pairs of matching samples. Each matching pair contains the cancer sample for a particular tissue and the normal adjacent tissue (NAT) sample for that same tissue from the same individual. TABLE 7 Relative levels of Mam004 (SEQ ID NO: 4) Expression in Individual Samples Sample ID Tissue Cancer Matching Mam 12B Mammary Gland 0 0 Mam 12X Mammary Gland 13.454 0 Mam 603X Mammary Gland 30.484 0 Mam 59X Mammary Gland 1.306 0 Mam 162X Mammary Gland 0.71 0.04 Mam 42DN Mammary Gland 0.25 2.17 Mam S079 Mammary Gland 42.18 0.47 Mam S123 Mammary Gland 0.01 0 Mam S516 Mammary Gland 1.17 0.41 Mam S699 Mammary Gland 0.11 0.55 Mam S997 Mammary Gland 10.43 1.29 Sto AC44 Stomach 0.61 0 Cln SG45 Colon 0.04 0 Cln TX01 Colon 0 0 Cvx NK23 Cervix 0 0 Cvx NK24 Cervix 0 0 Endo 3AX Endometrium 0 0 Endo 4XA Endometrium 0 0 Endo 5XA Endometrium 0 2.73 Kid 11XD Kidney 0 0 Kid 5XD Kidney 0 2.63 Lng C20X Lung 0 0 Lng SQ56 Lung 10.37 0

[0095] Among 46 samples in Table 7 representing 7 different tissues expression is highest in breast tissues particularly cancers. Expression comparable to that seen in breast samples is also seen in 1 of 4 lung samples (Sample 23), 1 of 4 kidney samples (Sample 21) and 1 of 6 endometrial samples (Sample 19). Table 6 and Table 7 represent a combined total of 58 samples in 16 human tissue types. Twenty samples representing 7 different tissue types excluding breast had no detected Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4) mRNA (Table 6 and Table 7).

[0096] Comparisons of the level of mRNA expression in breast cancer samples and the normal adjacent tissue from the same individuals are shown in Table 7. Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4) is expressed at higher levels in 8 of 11 breast cancer tissues (Mam 12X, Mam 603X, Mam 59X, Mam 162X, Mam S079, Mam S123, Mam S516 and Mam S997) compared with the corresponding normal adjacent tissue. The level of Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4) expression is lower in breast cancer compared to normal adjacent tissue in two matched samples (Mam 42DN and Mam S699). No expression was detected in one matched sample (Mam 12B).

[0097] Elevated expression in the majority of matched cancer samples compared to normal adjacent tissue is indicative of Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4) being a diagnostic marker for detection of mammary cancer cells using mRNA.

[0098] Measurement of SEQ ID NO:3; Clone ID:y155b03; Gene ID: 348845 (Mam005)

[0099] The numbers depicted in Table 8 are relative levels of expression in 12 normal tissues of Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3) compared to testis (calibrator). These RNA samples were obtained commercially and were generated by pooling samples from a particular tissue from different individuals. TABLE 8 Relative levels of Mam005 (SEQ ID NO: 3) Expression in Pooled Samples Tissue NORMAL Brain 0 Heart 0.0002 Kidney 0.0001 Liver 0 Lung 0 Mammary 5.4076 Muscle 0 Prostate 0 Small Intestine 0 Testis 1 Thymus 0 Uterus 0

[0100] The relative levels of expression in Table 8 show that Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3) mRNA expression is detected in the pool of normal mammary and in testis but is not present at significant levels in the other 10 normal tissue pools analyzed. These results demonstrate that Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3) mRNA expression is highly specific for mammary tissue and is also found in testis. Expression in a male specific tissue is not relevant in detecting cancer in female specific tissues.

[0101] The tissues shown in Table 8 are pooled samples from different individuals. The tissues shown in Table 9 were obtained from individuals and are not pooled. Hence the values for mRNA expression levels shown in Table 8 cannot be directly compared to the values shown in Table 9.

[0102] The numbers depicted in Table 9 are relative levels of expression of Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3) compared to testis (calibrator), in 46 pairs of matching samples. Each matching pair contains the cancer sample for a particular tissue and the normal adjacent tissue sample for that same tissue from the same individual. In addition 2 unmatched mammary samples from normal tissues and one unmatched ovarian cancer and one normal (non-cancerous) ovary were also tested. TABLE 9 Relative levels of Mam005 (SEQ ID NO: 3) Expression in Individual Samples Sample ID Tissue Cancer Matching Normal Mam 12X Mammary 0.33 0.71 Gland Mam 42DN Mammary 0.22 0.63 Gland Mam 59X Mammary 0.03 0.23 Gland Mam A06X Mammary 70.77 0.56 Gland Mam B011X Mammary 0.03 1.52 Gland Mam 162X Mammary 0.43 0.09 Gland Mam C012 Mammary N/A N/A 1.6 Gland Mam C034 Mammary N/A N/A 2.9 Gland Mam S079 Mammary 0.22 0.13 Gland Mam S123 Mammary 0.01 0.23 Gland Mam S127 Mammary 0 0.28 Gland Mam S516 Mammary 0.15 0.05 Gland Mam S699 Mammary 0.21 0.42 Gland Mam S854 Mammary 1.12 0.54 Gland Mam S967 Mammary 30.61 0.54 Gland Mam S997 Mammary 0.40 0.22 Gland Mam 14DN Mammary 0.07 0 Gland Mam 699F Mammary 0.01 0.09 Gland Mam S621 Mammary 1.82 0 Gland Mam S918 Mammary 6.89 1.06 Gland Cln CM67 Colon 0 0 Cln DC19 Colon 0 0 Cln AS43 Colon 0 0 Cln AS45 Colon 0 0 Cln RC01 Colon 0.0012 0.0003 Lng AC90 Lung 0 0 Lng LC109 Lung 0 0 Lng SQ32 Lung 0 0 Lng SQ43 Lung 0 0 Ovr 103X Ovary 0 0 Ovr 1118 Ovary 0 N/A Ovr A084 Ovary 0 0 Ovr G021 Ovary 0 0 Ovr 35GA Ovary N/A N/A 0 Cvx NK23 Cervix 0 0 Cvx NK24 Cervix 0 0 Endo 3AX Endometrium 0 0 Endo 4XA Endometrium 0 0 Sto 758S Stomach 0 0 Sto AC44 Stomach 0 0 Sto AC93 Stomach 0 0 Tst 39X Testis 0.01 0.01 Utr 85XU Uterus 0 0 Utr 135XO Uterus 0 0 Utr 23XU Uterus 0 0 Kid 124D Kidney 0 0 Lvr 15XA Liver 0 0 Pan CO44 Pancreas 0 0 Skn 448S Skin 0 0 SmInt 21XA Small 0 0 Intestines

[0103] Among 96 samples in Table 9 representing 14 different tissues significant expression is seen only in breast tissues. These results confirm the tissue specificity results obtained with normal samples shown in Table 8. Table 8 and Table 9 represent a combined total of 108 samples in 18 human tissue types. Sixty-seven samples representing 16 different tissue types excluding breast and testis had either no or very low levels of detected Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3) mRNA (Table 8 and Table 9).

[0104] Comparisons of the level of mRNA expression in breast cancer samples and the normal adjacent tissue from the same individuals are shown in Table 9. Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3) is expressed at higher levels in 10 of 18 cancer and normal adjacent tissue samples (Mam A06X, Mam 162X, Mam S079, Mam S516, Mam S854, Mam S967, Mam S997, Mam 14DN, Mam S621, and Mam S918) compared with the corresponding normal adjacent tissue. The level of Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3) expression is lower in breast cancer compared to normal adjacent tissue in eight cancer and normal adjacent tissue samples (Mam 12X, Mam 42DN, Mam 59X, Mam B011X, Mam S123, Mam S127, Mam S699 and Mam 699F). No expression was detected in two matching samples.

[0105] The high level of tissue specificity and overexpression in 10 of 18 matched cancer and normal adjacent tissue samples is indicative of Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3) being a diagnostic marker for detection of mammary cancer cells using mRNA.

1 10 1 544 DNA Homo sapiens unsure (505)..(506) a, c, g or t 1 ctagtctcga gtctagagcg ccttgccttc tcttaggctt tgaagcattt ttgtctgtgc 60 tccctgatct tcatgtcacc accatgaagt tcttagcagt cctggtactc ttgggagttt 120 ccatctttct ggtctctgcc cagaatccga caacagctgc tccagctgac acgtatccag 180 ctactggtcc tgctgatgat gaagcccctg atgctgaaac cactgctgct gcaaccactg 240 cgaccactgc tgctcctacc actgcaacca ccgctgcttc taccactgct cgtaaagaca 300 ttccagtttt acccaaatgg gttggggatc tcccgaatgg tagagtgtgt ccctgagatg 360 gaatcagctt gagtcttctg caattggtca caactattca tgcttcctgt gatttcatcc 420 aactacttac cttgcctacg atatcccctt tatctctaat cagtttattt tctttcaaat 480 aaaaaataac tatgagcaac taaannaaan aaaaaaaaaa naaaaannaa naannaaaan 540 naga 544 2 1066 DNA Homo sapiens unsure (729)..(813) a, c, g or t 2 gttgaccagt ggtcatgcca ctgcctgttg atttgttgaa aatattgttt acacgtatgt 60 tcttgttact gattgtcaga aagctggttt tgagactgca gcttggacta aattcagtca 120 tctggctgtc tggggaagca tgctgaccag tctggtgttc tttggcatct actcagccat 180 ctggtccacc attctcattg ccccaaatat gagaggacag aagaatggta ccggtactgc 240 caatggagat ggaggaagga gacagaaaga aacagagccc agaccctagg gaccaccagc 300 atttgcagaa tggataaaca gccttcttcc taacaaagga agcacagcaa ctgtgatcct 360 gagctgtgca cacttctggt tgggattatt tctggtttct acttcctgtt tgaagatgtg 420 gcatggagag tgaacaagct gctgcccacc acctggcatc acagccccag aactcagcta 480 tttccatggg accacagcat ctcatctctg ggctgagcca gaaagacccc tactgaagtc 540 cagaggcact tttctgaaag gctctgcttt gacctgaagt attttatcta tcctcagtct 600 caggacactg ttgatggaat taaggccaag cacatctgca aaaaagacat tgctggagga 660 ggtgcaaaga gctggaaacc aagtctccag tcctgggaaa agcagtggta tggaaaagca 720 atggaaagnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn 780 nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnncatagca ccaatgacct gaagagcctt 840 gttgaaggaa gactccatct gatgactcag agcaagtatt ttttagtgtg ttattgttat 900 tagcagaaag agggccataa aatacatggg gcaagctgaa tatatcttag gcaaaagaag 960 aaaatattca aattcttatg ttattttatc taattatttt atctcttttt gtgtgtgact 1020 tataatgtgt gtattgtatt aataaaagta tataaacatg tagttt 1066 3 4197 DNA Homo sapiens 3 ggcacgagac aactcatgct aggaggccag tcctagcatc accttatgtt gaaaatctta 60 ccaatagtct gtgtcaacag aatacttatt ttagaagaaa aattcatgat ttcttcctga 120 agcctacaga cataaaataa cagtgtgaag aattacttgt tcacgaattg cataaagctg 180 cacaggattc ccatctaccc tgatgatgca gcagacatca ttcaatccaa ccagaatctc 240 gctctgtcac tcaggctgga gtgcagtggc gcaatctcgg ctcactgcaa actctgcctc 300 ccaggttcac gccattctcc tgccacagcc tcccgagtag ctgggactac aggcgcccgc 360 caccaagcac agctaagttt tttatttata gtagagacgg ggtttcactg tgttagccag 420 gatggtctcg atctcctgac ctcgtgatct gcctgcctcg gcctcccaaa gtgccgggat 480 tacaggcgtg agccaccgcg ccgggcctga tttcagtttc ttccagccct tcctattgtt 540 aacatggggg ttgtgttgaa gaatataaag ttacaaagtc aaggaagtag gaaacatttt 600 tacaagtatt atgtagccat cttggtgggg ctgtggtgag gtaggctgca aatgattctc 660 ctatttcttt ccctgagttc agaacatagg aattagattg atagacatca acatacccgc 720 tttattgctg actcatgaca actaatggga agacatggct cagatgtgca gccacagtga 780 gcttctgaac atttcttctc agactaagct cttacacaca gttgcagttg aaagaaagaa 840 ttgcttgaca tggccacagg agcaggcagc ttcctgcaga catgacagtc aacgcaaact 900 catgtcactg tgggcagaca catgtttgca aagagactca gagccaaaca agcacactca 960 atgtgctttg cccaaattta cccattaggt aaatcttccc tcctcccaag aagaaagtgg 1020 agagagcatg agtcctcaca tggaaacttg aagtcaggga aatgaaggct caccaattat 1080 ttgtgcatgg gtttaagttt tccttgaaat taagttcagg tttgtctttg tgtgtaccaa 1140 ttaatgacaa gaggttagat agaagtatgc tagatggcaa agagaaatat gttttgtgtc 1200 ttcaattttg ctaaaaataa cccagaacat ggataattca tttattaatt gattttggta 1260 agccaagtcc tatttggaga aaattaatag tttttctaaa aaagaatttt ctcaatatca 1320 cctggcatga taacattttt ctccttcgag ttcctttttc tggagtttaa caaacttgtt 1380 ctttacaaat agattatatt gactacctct cactgatgtt atgatattag tttctattgc 1440 ttactttgta tttctaattt taggattcac aatttagctg gagaactatt ttttaacctg 1500 ttgcacctaa acatgattga gctagaagac agttttacca tatgcatgca ttttctctga 1560 gttatatttt aaaatctata catttctcct aaatatggag gaaatcactg gcatcaaatg 1620 ccagtctcag acggaagacc taaagcccat ttctggcctg gagctacttg gctttgtgac 1680 ctatggtgag gcataagtgc tctgagtttg tgttgcctct tttgtaaaat gagggtttga 1740 cttaatcagt gattttcata gcttaaaatt tttttgaaga acagaacttt ttttaaaaac 1800 agttagatgc aaccatatta tataaaacag aacagataca agtagagcta acttgctaaa 1860 gaaaggatgg aggctctgaa gctgtgactt cattatccct taatactgct atgtcctctg 1920 tagtacctta gatttctatg ggacatcgtt taaaaactat tgtttatgcg agagccttgc 1980 taatttccta aaaattgtgg atacattttt tctcccatgt ataattttct caccttctat 2040 ttaaaaagaa aaaaaaagtc agtgtagtat ttacatattt taccctataa ggagctaaca 2100 taacttttga tttagtgtta ttcataaaat taggttagca gtttattaac cttttgtatt 2160 tgctctggca atgtttaata tctcataagc tatacacacc tcgaagccat caatgacaac 2220 cttttcttgc tgaatagaac agtgattgat gtcatgaaga caattttatc tccttttgcc 2280 ttccataatt tgtaccaggt tatataatag tataacactg ccaaggagcg gattatctca 2340 tcttcatcct gtaattccag tgtttgtcac gtggttgttg aataaatgaa taaagaatga 2400 gaaaaccaga agctctgata cataatcata atgataatta tttcaatgca caactacggg 2460 tggtgctgaa ctagaatcta tattttctga aactggctcc tctaggatct actaatgatt 2520 taaatctaaa agatgaagtt agtaaagcat cagaaaaaaa aggtaaacaa attgctcctg 2580 tggagatgat tggcatcaca tggtgttttg agctgataca cccaacactt gagctcactg 2640 caacagtacc agattttcac cgctatgcct cctttcactc tgggagtctt ccagaggtct 2700 tgcactcggg agagcatgct caggtttccc cagctctaca aaatcaccca gaatgccaaa 2760 gacttcaaca caagggtaaa taaggttgat ctcagaattg tcacctcaaa aaggccctgc 2820 cttccactgt tcagttctgg tcatctgcct atgagatatc tgaagcttga aagagaacac 2880 ttgaaaatca ctgagaccgt gactcccatc ccagcacaca cagcaagcca aagtccacac 2940 catggaaacc gattcctcat cttttaagaa taccatatgg atacttatat ataggcatga 3000 attaagcaac taggcctttc aacagttttg gagaaggcca tttcccactt ttaaaataaa 3060 taatgctcct ataagatcag atactgtgtt gaccagtggt catgccactg cctgttgatt 3120 tgttgaaaat attgtttaca cgtatgttct tgttactgat tgtcagaaag ctggttttga 3180 gactgcagct tggactaaat tcagtcatct ggctgtctgg ggaagcatgc tgaccagtct 3240 ggtgttcttt ggcatctact cagccatctg gtccaccatt ctcattgccc caaatatgag 3300 aggacagatt aacaatggta ccagcacgtg cagaaaagaa agagtctccg cttgtctttg 3360 tctgattctc ctgtcctctc catggaagtt acattttctg taaaggatga gctgaaaatt 3420 ctcctggtcg ttgccagttg aacttctgct gtgctctggg aaggcattct cactctgttt 3480 atgttgtcta agtgcagaca tggatgtgca ggtttgctag aacctcctga ggatgtgcaa 3540 tggttctgtt catgcctgaa tcagttcttt tgggagtgga cattctttct ctccctcatg 3600 cacagcctca ggcacatggc ttgagctatg gcggcacgca gtatggccat cacccaggta 3660 caccccttcc ctaagaagag gctcttcagg ttacactcgg gtactgttgt tatctggctt 3720 attgtccata ggatcaacat agagtcctga ggtcagttca aaccatcaaa ccagggatgt 3780 tacttattat ttgaaaactt ctttggaaag ataatcttgg gttgttcagt gggaccagtc 3840 tttgacgggc aaatctccag aatacatggg gtcagttctc tcaggttcag gaagcatgta 3900 atctctctaa gattcattaa ttaaaaaaaa aagacacatg catagaaaaa tagaacaaaa 3960 tggaaactct ttattggata cctactatgg gttatgtgcc agggtttcct aatcatttgg 4020 ggacatgtgt gtataaacaa aaccaggcta tgtggccagg cagtgtgtgg ctcacacctg 4080 taatcccagt gcttagggaa gccaagttgc aaggatcgct tgaaaccagg agttcgagac 4140 tagcctgggc aacatagtga gacccggtct ctgcaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaa 4197 4 1560 DNA Homo sapiens 4 agctcaatac ggaacatatt ctcagtcctc ctctggtcta caaagcctgt gatttcttgt 60 ctatggacag aacgtctggt ttaatctaca ggaacccata acttcctgaa gctttatgct 120 taacagtgac aacgtgagtc agttgaattt tattgtgttt cagtccgtag agtattagct 180 acagaaacct ttccattgcc atactgagaa actggcagca ggcagtgtgc ctacaggtct 240 acaaagaaac ttcagatcat cttcttgagg gaaagaagct gaagtgctac ataagatgct 300 tgtgcttcat aactctcaga agctgcagat tctgtataaa tccttagaaa agagcatccc 360 tgaatccata aaggtatatg gcgccatttt caacataaaa gataaaaacc ctttcaacat 420 ggaggtgctg gtagatgcct ggccagatta ccagatcgtc attacccggc ctcagaaaca 480 ggagatgaaa gatgaccagg atcattatac caacacttac cacatcttca ccaaagctcc 540 tgacaaatta gaggaagtcc tgtcatactc caatgtaatc agctgggagc aaactttgca 600 gatccaaggt tgccaagagg gcttggatga agcaataaga aaggttgcaa cttcaaaatc 660 agtgcaggta gattacatga aaaccatcct ctttataccg gaattaccaa agaaacacaa 720 gacctcaagt aatgacaaga tggagttatt tgaagtggat gatgataaca aggaaggaaa 780 cttttcaaac atgttcttag atgcttcaca tgcaggtctt gtgaatgaac actgggcctt 840 tgggaaaaat gagaggagct tgaaatatat tgaacgctgc ctccaggatt ttctaggatt 900 tggtgtgctg ggtccagagg gccagcttgt ctcttggatt gtgatggaac agtcctgtga 960 gttgagaatg ggttatactg tccccaaata cagacaccaa ggcaacatgt tgcaaattgg 1020 ttatcatctt gaaaagtatc tttctcagaa agaaatccca ttttatttcc atgtggcaga 1080 taataatgag aaaagcctac aggcactgaa caatttgggg tttaagattt gtccttgtgg 1140 ctggcatcag tggaaatgca cccccaagaa atattgttga ttgattccac tgtccatttc 1200 aaatctttct tatcagtaaa aaaacattaa ttcaaacaca agcattgtga tctacattag 1260 cacaaaatgc aactgattat ctaggatctg tgtattactt aagctcaccc ttaacagttt 1320 taccttcctt ctcctctgta ttcttacaga aaattagaag ctcaatttta tggtctcata 1380 atttccttta tgacagacat ctcagaatta aaatcaccca aagccaatca ttagtgccaa 1440 gataaccctt taacgggcaa cactttctta aatgaagact atttctttca tgaaaaaatt 1500 cacttttatg actttcttgt taaaataaaa agtctgcttt taaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 1560 5 1227 DNA Homo sapiens unsure (327) a, c, g or t 5 attttgtagt tcagcaaatc ctccaaatac acagcatgtt acaaggcact ggtggcacag 60 ggcacaacag gaaatgatat ttatttagca aattcattta acaaatatta ttgggcacct 120 gttatgtgag acactgtcct aggcactgtg ggataacaac agcaaacact tcacacaaca 180 gcctggcctt cctgtgtttt acaacagctc ctaaagatag ctgatatcaa gacatttgag 240 ggacacagtt catgtagaat caaaatatta gtatttcaga ataaggattt tttttctgaa 300 aagcatacag agaggaaaca gcttaanaat aggtcaagac ctaaaaacag antataatca 360 cggaataanc tggataaccc agacagtccc cacagaattt ctttcaggtc acagatttct 420 taaaactcac ccccaaaatg tgcctgcttg gttgtttgaa tcttgcataa ttaatgtcac 480 aggcgcaagc cgctgaactt agttgagatg cagaaaacaa acaaatgcaa tgacatatct 540 gagaagcatt tatgtaactc cggttaagtg gtgaggaggg gtgtgtgaag acagtgtgca 600 tgcatgagtg tgtattcata tatatgtgta tacatatgaa tttcactgtt attttccagg 660 gtctatggac aatgtggcag taagagtcta tgatgttctg aaacttttca cagtaaatcc 720 aaagattaca gaccttacaa ggtgcttgca ttctgttgct tttccatctg tcacttctca 780 ggttatttga ctgtgttcaa accttctttt ctttttcatt gagtttcatt ttttaagctt 840 gttaaatgcn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn tgtcattttt cacattatcc 900 tctcttctct gcaacaagga tagtaagatg tagatgaatg caaaaataat aacaacaata 960 aggaaatata ttaaagcttt aaaatatgca catatgtagt tctaaagagc aataacggta 1020 gtatctattt cgaacatgca ttaggcaaaa aagaaatcaa aactgaaatt ttcgtgtatt 1080 tttccccttg taagatgttc aaatgctaac ttcattttct cctttcctct atgtggcact 1140 ttctcaaaat atctatgaaa tacttttaga caaagattga gctggagaaa gagatacaaa 1200 tttccatccc cccagacagn gagacat 1227 6 253 DNA Homo sapiens unsure (181) a, c, g or t 6 gaacagcctc acttgtgttg ctgtcagtgc cagtagggca ggcaggaatg cagcagagag 60 gactcgccat cgtggccttg gctgtctgtg cggccctaca tgcctcagaa gccatacttc 120 ccattgcctc cagctgttgc acggaggttt cacatcatat ttccagaagg ctcctggaaa 180 nagtgaatat gtgtcgcatc naganagctg atggggattg tgacttggct gctgtcancc 240 nncatgtcan gcg 253 7 943 DNA Homo sapiens unsure (128) a, c, g or t 7 gggggcctgg ccccggcccc tgtgaggacc ccgcgggtgc tggggtaaga ggctctagac 60 ccttcacctg tcagtcacct gagggaggct gaggccaagc cccatccctc agaatcaagg 120 cttgcaancn cccctcacct gcccagtctc tgtccacacc cctcgggctg aagacggccc 180 tgaccaggcc ctgggcctca gcgaccaccc ctccccctcc tgcctggacc cagggagcag 240 gtgcaggggg ctccgagccc ctggtgactg tcaccgtgca gtgcgccttc acagtggccc 300 tgagggcacg aagaggagcc gacctgtcca gcctgcgggc actgctgggc caagccctcc 360 ctcaccaggc ccagcttggg caactcaggt gggccagaaa gcccccggtg gctgcggtgg 420 agctgggcac cgccccgact gaggcagctg ctggaagagg gggtggcaga ggtcactgcc 480 ctccctgcag gccccaccca ggaggccccc tctgaggaat ctctttgcag ttacctagcc 540 ccaggtgagg acgggcactg ggtccccatc cccgaggagg agtcgctgca gagggcctgg 600 caggacgcag ctgcctgccc cagggggctg cagctgcagt gcaggggagc cgggggtcgg 660 ccggtcctct accaggtggt ggcccagcac agctactccg cccaggggcc agaggacctg 720 ggcttccgac agggggacac ggtggacgtc ctgtgtgaag tggaccaggc atggctggag 780 ggccactgtg acggccgcat cggcatcttc cccaagtgct tcgtggtccc cgccggccct 840 cggatgtcag gagcccccgg ccgcctgccc cgatcccagc agggagatca gccctaatga 900 tgctgtgtcc atgatgcttt taatnaaaaa aacccccact gca 943 8 249 DNA Homo sapiens unsure (110) a, c, g or t 8 atcacattaa gtcattgcta attttataaa caaaaacaat ggttttantt tgcatctccc 60 tgattggtat tgctgtagaa catatttgga gaagtttgtt tgtctttggn gtttatttca 120 tgaatagatt gtgtgcccat tttctcttgg ggtattcagt tttttattac tgatgtgagc 180 atgtgtatgg gngattattt gatgnttatc agttttgntt agtagactgg caatatttag 240 tcttgctgt 249 9 690 DNA Homo sapiens 9 gacgcccagt gacctgccga ggtcggcagc acagagctct ggagatgaag accctgttcc 60 tgggtgtcac gctcggcctg gccgctgccc tgtccttcac cctggaggag gaggatatca 120 cagggacctg gtacgtgaag gccatggtgg tcgataagga ctttccggag gacaggaggc 180 ccaggaaggt gtccccagtg aaggtgacag ccctgggcgg tgggaagttg gaagccacgt 240 tcaccttcat gagggaggat cggtgcatcc agaagaaaat cctgatgcgg aagacggagg 300 agcctggcaa atacagcgcc tatgggggca ggaagctcat gtacctgcag gagctgccca 360 ggagggacca ctacatcttt tactgcaaag accagcacca tgggggcctg ctccacatgg 420 gaaagcttgt gggtaggaat tctgatacca accgggaggc cctggaagaa tttaagaaat 480 tggtgcagcg caagggactc tcggaggagg acattttcac gcccctgcag acgggaagct 540 gcgttcccga acactaggca gcccccgggt ctgcacctcc agagcccacc ctaccaccag 600 acacagagcc cggaccacct ggacctaccc tccagccatg acccttccct gctcccaccc 660 acctgactcc aaataaagtc cttctccccc 690 10 294 PRT Homo sapiens 10 Met Leu Val Leu His Asn Ser Gln Lys Leu Gln Ile Leu Tyr Lys Ser 1 5 10 15 Leu Glu Lys Ser Ile Pro Glu Ser Ile Lys Val Tyr Gly Ala Ile Phe 20 25 30 Asn Ile Lys Asp Lys Asn Pro Phe Asn Met Glu Val Leu Val Asp Ala 35 40 45 Trp Pro Asp Tyr Gln Ile Val Ile Thr Arg Pro Gln Lys Gln Glu Met 50 55 60 Lys Asp Asp Gln Asp His Tyr Thr Asn Thr Tyr His Ile Phe Thr Lys 65 70 75 80 Ala Pro Asp Lys Leu Glu Glu Val Leu Ser Tyr Ser Asn Val Ile Ser 85 90 95 Trp Glu Gln Thr Leu Gln Ile Gln Gly Cys Gln Glu Gly Leu Asp Glu 100 105 110 Ala Ile Arg Lys Val Ala Thr Ser Lys Ser Val Gln Val Asp Tyr Met 115 120 125 Lys Thr Ile Leu Phe Ile Pro Glu Leu Pro Lys Lys His Lys Thr Ser 130 135 140 Ser Asn Asp Lys Met Glu Leu Phe Glu Val Asp Asp Asp Asn Lys Glu 145 150 155 160 Gly Asn Phe Ser Asn Met Phe Leu Asp Ala Ser His Ala Gly Leu Val 165 170 175 Asn Glu His Trp Ala Phe Gly Lys Asn Glu Arg Ser Leu Lys Tyr Ile 180 185 190 Glu Arg Cys Leu Gln Asp Phe Leu Gly Phe Gly Val Leu Gly Pro Glu 195 200 205 Gly Gln Leu Val Ser Trp Ile Val Met Glu Gln Ser Cys Glu Leu Arg 210 215 220 Met Gly Tyr Thr Val Pro Lys Tyr Arg His Gln Gly Asn Met Leu Gln 225 230 235 240 Ile Gly Tyr His Leu Glu Lys Tyr Leu Ser Gln Lys Glu Ile Pro Phe 245 250 255 Tyr Phe His Val Ala Asp Asn Asn Glu Lys Ser Leu Gln Ala Leu Asn 260 265 270 Asn Leu Gly Phe Lys Ile Cys Pro Cys Gly Trp His Gln Trp Lys Cys 275 280 285 Thr Pro Lys Lys Tyr Cys 290 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for diagnosing the presence of breast cancer in a patient comprising: (a) measuring levels of BSG in cells, tissues or bodily fluids in said patient; and (b) comparing measured levels of BSG with levels of BSG in cells, tissues or bodily fluids from a normal human control, wherein a change in measured levels of BSG in the patient versus normal human control is associated with the presence of breast cancer.
 2. A method of diagnosing metastatic breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer comprising: (a) identifying a patient having breast cancer that is not known to have metastasized; (b) measuring levels of BSG in a sample of cells, tissues, or bodily fluid from said patient; and (c) comparing the measured BSG levels with levels of BSG in cells, tissue, or bodily fluid type of a normal human control, wherein a change in measured BSG levels in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with a cancer which has metastasized.
 3. A method of staging breast cancer in a patient comprising: (a) identifying a patient having breast cancer; (b) measuring levels of BSG in a sample of cells, tissues, or bodily fluid from said patient for BSG; and (c) comparing measured BSG levels with levels of BSG in cells, tissues, or bodily fluid type of a normal human control sample, wherein a change in measured BSG levels in said patient versus the normal human control is associated with a cancer which is progressing or regressing or in remission.
 4. A method of monitoring breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer for the onset of metastasis comprising: (a) identifying a patient having breast cancer that is not known to have metastasized; (b) periodically measuring BSG levels in a sample of cells, tissues, or bodily fluid from said patient; and (c) comparing the measured BSG levels with levels of BSG in cells, tissues, or bodily fluid type of a normal human control, wherein a change in BSG levels in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with a cancer which has metastasized.
 5. A method of monitoring the change in stage of breast cancer in a patient having breast cancer comprising: (a) identifying a patient having breast cancer; (b) periodically measuring BSG levels in a sample of cells, tissues, or bodily fluid from said patient; and (c) comparing the measured BSG levels with levels of BSG in cells, tissues, or bodily fluid type of a normal human control, wherein a change in measured BSG levels in the patient versus the normal human control is associated with a cancer which is progressing in stage, which is regressing in stage, or in remission.
 6. The method of claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 wherein the change associated with the presence, metastasis or progression of breast cancer in said patient is an increase in measured BSG levels in the patient and the BSG comprises Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2), Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:10) or Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3).
 7. The method of claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 wherein the change associated with the presence, metastasis or progression of breast cancer in said patient is a decrease in measured BSG levels in the patient and the BSG comprises Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1).
 8. The method of claim 3 or 5 wherein the change associated with the regression or remission of breast cancer in said patient is a decrease in measured BSG levels in the patient and the BSG comprises Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2), Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:10) or Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3).
 9. The method of claim 3 or 5 wherein the change associated with the regression or remission of breast cancer in said patient is an increase in measured BSG levels in the patient and the BSG comprises Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1).
 10. A method of identifying potential therapeutic agents for use in imaging and treating breast cancer comprising screening molecules for an ability to bind to BSG or alter expression of BSG relative to BSG in the absence of the agent wherein the ability of a molecule to bind to BSG or alter expression of BSG is indicative of the molecule being useful in imaging and treating breast cancer.
 11. An antibody which specifically binds a BSG wherein said BSG comprises Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2), Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:10) or Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3).
 12. A method of imaging breast cancer in a patient comprising administering to the patient an antibody of claim
 11. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein said antibody is labeled with paramagnetic ions or a radioisotope.
 14. A method of treating breast cancer in a patient comprising administering to the patient an antibody of claim
 11. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the antibody is conjugated to a cytotoxic agent.
 16. A method of treating breast cancer in a patient comprising administering to the patient a molecule which modulates expression or activity of BSG.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the molecule downregulates expression or activity of BSG comprising Mam001 (SEQ ID NO:2), Mam004 (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:10) or Mam005 (SEQ ID NO:3).
 18. The method of claim 16 wherein the molecule upregulates expression or activity of BSG comprising Mam002 (SEQ ID NO:1).
 19. A method of inducing an immune response against a target cell expressing BSG comprising delivering to a human patient an immunogenically stimulatory amount of a BSG protein so that an immune response is mounted against the target cell. 